句子成分

核心成分

  1. 主语:动作或状态的主体
  2. 谓语:主语的动作或状态
    • 实义动词
    • 系动词
  3. 宾语:动作承受者
  4. 补语:补充说明作用
    • 主语补足语
    • 宾语补足语

非核心成分

  • 定语:
    • 用来修饰、限定或说明名词、代名词的品质与特征
    • 定语常由形容词充当
  • 状语
    • 说明方式、地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、程度和伴随状况
    • 状语常由副词、介词短语充当
  • 同位语
    • 对句子中某一成分作进一步的解释、说明,与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位
    • 同位语常由名词充当
  • 独立成分
    • 在句子中插入一个词或词组,这个词或词组并不和句子的其他成分发生语法关系,而是一种独立成分
    • 独立成分主要由称呼语、感叹语和插入语充当

The beautiful (定语) girl, Lucy (同位语), did the homework carefully (方式状语) in the classroom (地点状语) yesterday (时间状语), you know (独立成分).

简单陈述句的基本语序

主谓宾 +方式 + 地点 + 时间

  • 中文翻译:这个女孩昨天早上在公园里认真地读英文
  • 英文语序:The girl read English carefully in the park yesterday morning.

简单句五大基本句型

  1. 主语 + 不及物动词 SV
    • I cry
  2. 主语 + 单及物动词 + 宾语 SVO
    • I love you
    • She look at the boy
  3. 主语 + 双及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 SVOO
    • He send me a book
    • I teach you English
  4. 主语 + 复杂及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补语 SVOC
    • They named the baby Tom → the baby is Tom
    • You can leave the door open → the door is open
  5. 主语 + 连系动词 + 主语补语/表语 SVC
    • She is a teacher
    • I feel uncomfortable

谓语动词

一个句子只能有一个

时态(时间状态)

语气

主谓一致

非谓语动词

不再是谓语的成分

不定式

一般情况:to + 原型动词

  • afford
  • deman
  • like
  • pretend
  • agree
  • fail
  • love
  • promise
  • arrange
  • forge

特殊情况:省略 to

  • 使役动词
    • let
    • make (主动)
    • have
  • 助动词
    • be
    • have
    • do
  • 情态助动词
    • can
    • could
    • may
    • might
    • must
    • ought to
    • shall
    • should
    • will
    • would

更多:Verb patterns: verb + infinitive or verb + - ing ? - English Grammar Today - Cambridge Dictionary

动名词

用法:扮演名词的角色

特殊:介系词 to + ving

  • look forward to
  • when it comes to
  • object to
  • resort to
  • be/get used to
  • be/get accustomed to
  • be/get committed to

【動名詞】:v-ing

  1. 用法:動狀詞、名詞
  2. 例句:
    1. 作為主詞:Smoking damages your lungs.
    2. 作為受詞:You should quit smoking.
    3. 作為補語:His favorite hobby is smoking.
    4. 作為同位語:His only bad habit, smoking, annoyed me.
    5. 扮演名詞組合成動名詞片語:Cleaning the house is really a chore.

Ref: 實用基礎文法 - 動名詞

现在分词

【現在分詞】:主動、正在

  1. 用法1:形容詞
  2. 例句:
    1. 修飾名詞:The barking dog next door almost drove us crazy last week.
    2. 作為主詞補語:This book is interesting.
    3. 作為受詞補語:She kept her boyfriend waiting for over an hour.
    4. 現在分詞片語當形容詞使用:Hearing the noise, the girl woke up.
  3. 用法2:助動詞 + 現在分詞 -> 進行式
  4. 例句:
    1. 現在進行式:I am writing a book。
    2. 過去進行式:She was reading a book when her father called.
    3. 未來進行式:I will be working late at the office tonight.
    4. 現在完成進行式:I have been dating my boyfriend for more than a year.
    5. 過去完成進行式:Alice had been singing for an hour before the rain began falling.
    6. 未來完成進行式:She will have been waiting for over two hours when the train finally comes.

Ref: 實用基礎文法 - 現在分詞

Note:

  • S is considering a package redesign to try to increase sales.
  • By opening offices in London, + sentence.
  • which begin = beginning
  • when + v-ing
  • on / upon + v-ing

过去分词

【過去分詞】:被動、完成

  1. 用法1:形容詞
  2. 例句:
    1. 修飾名詞:The burned toast tasted awful.
    2. 作為主詞補語:Her mother felt worried.
    3. 作為受詞補語:She had her photo taken.
    4. 過去分詞片語當形容詞使用:Frightened by the thunder, the cat hid under the couch.
  3. 用法2:助動詞 + 過去分詞 -> 完成式時態
  4. 例句:
    1. 現在完成式:Have you done your homework yet?
    2. 過去完成式:The plane had already taken off when I arrived at the airport.
    3. 未來完成式:I will have lived here for five years by end of next month.
  5. 用法3:助動詞 + 過去分詞 -> 被動語態
  6. 例句:
    1. 被動語氣:Since Nicole was sick, she was allowed to leave early.
    2. 被動語氣:This story was written by Helen Keller.

Ref: 實用基礎文法 - 過去分詞