English Grammar System - Elementary Sentence Patterns
句子成分
核心成分
- 主语:动作或状态的主体
- 谓语:主语的动作或状态
- 实义动词
- 系动词
- 宾语:动作承受者
- 补语:补充说明作用
- 主语补足语
- 宾语补足语
非核心成分
- 定语:
- 用来修饰、限定或说明名词、代名词的品质与特征
- 定语常由形容词充当
- 状语
- 说明方式、地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、程度和伴随状况
- 状语常由副词、介词短语充当
- 同位语
- 对句子中某一成分作进一步的解释、说明,与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位
- 同位语常由名词充当
- 独立成分
- 在句子中插入一个词或词组,这个词或词组并不和句子的其他成分发生语法关系,而是一种独立成分
- 独立成分主要由称呼语、感叹语和插入语充当
The beautiful (定语) girl, Lucy (同位语), did the homework carefully (方式状语) in the classroom (地点状语) yesterday (时间状语), you know (独立成分).
简单陈述句的基本语序
主谓宾 +方式 + 地点 + 时间
- 中文翻译:这个女孩昨天早上在公园里认真地读英文
- 英文语序:The girl read English carefully in the park yesterday morning.
简单句五大基本句型
- 主语 + 不及物动词 SV
- I cry
- 主语 + 单及物动词 + 宾语 SVO
- I love you
- She look at the boy
- 主语 + 双及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 SVOO
- He send me a book
- I teach you English
- 主语 + 复杂及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补语 SVOC
- They named the baby Tom → the baby is Tom
- You can leave the door open → the door is open
- 主语 + 连系动词 + 主语补语/表语 SVC
- She is a teacher
- I feel uncomfortable
谓语动词
一个句子只能有一个
时态(时间状态)
语气
主谓一致
非谓语动词
不再是谓语的成分
不定式
一般情况:to + 原型动词
- afford
- deman
- like
- pretend
- agree
- fail
- love
- promise
- arrange
- forge
特殊情况:省略 to
- 使役动词
- let
- make (主动)
- have
- 助动词
- be
- have
- do
- 情态助动词
- can
- could
- may
- might
- must
- ought to
- shall
- should
- will
- would
更多:Verb patterns: verb + infinitive or verb + - ing ? - English Grammar Today - Cambridge Dictionary
动名词
用法:扮演名词的角色
特殊:介系词 to + ving
- look forward to
- when it comes to
- object to
- resort to
- be/get used to
- be/get accustomed to
- be/get committed to
【動名詞】:v-ing
- 用法:動狀詞、名詞
- 例句:
- 作為主詞:Smoking damages your lungs.
- 作為受詞:You should quit smoking.
- 作為補語:His favorite hobby is smoking.
- 作為同位語:His only bad habit, smoking, annoyed me.
- 扮演名詞組合成動名詞片語:Cleaning the house is really a chore.
Ref: 實用基礎文法 - 動名詞
现在分词
【現在分詞】:主動、正在
- 用法1:形容詞
- 例句:
- 修飾名詞:The barking dog next door almost drove us crazy last week.
- 作為主詞補語:This book is interesting.
- 作為受詞補語:She kept her boyfriend waiting for over an hour.
- 現在分詞片語當形容詞使用:Hearing the noise, the girl woke up.
- 用法2:助動詞 + 現在分詞 -> 進行式
- 例句:
- 現在進行式:I am writing a book。
- 過去進行式:She was reading a book when her father called.
- 未來進行式:I will be working late at the office tonight.
- 現在完成進行式:I have been dating my boyfriend for more than a year.
- 過去完成進行式:Alice had been singing for an hour before the rain began falling.
- 未來完成進行式:She will have been waiting for over two hours when the train finally comes.
Ref: 實用基礎文法 - 現在分詞
Note:
- S is considering a package redesign to try to increase sales.
- By opening offices in London, + sentence.
- which begin = beginning
- when + v-ing
- on / upon + v-ing
过去分词
【過去分詞】:被動、完成
- 用法1:形容詞
- 例句:
- 修飾名詞:The burned toast tasted awful.
- 作為主詞補語:Her mother felt worried.
- 作為受詞補語:She had her photo taken.
- 過去分詞片語當形容詞使用:Frightened by the thunder, the cat hid under the couch.
- 用法2:助動詞 + 過去分詞 -> 完成式時態
- 例句:
- 現在完成式:Have you done your homework yet?
- 過去完成式:The plane had already taken off when I arrived at the airport.
- 未來完成式:I will have lived here for five years by end of next month.
- 用法3:助動詞 + 過去分詞 -> 被動語態
- 例句:
- 被動語氣:Since Nicole was sick, she was allowed to leave early.
- 被動語氣:This story was written by Helen Keller.
Ref: 實用基礎文法 - 過去分詞