English Grammar 英文文法
Sentence
五大句型:
- SV
- SVC
- SVO
- SVOO
- SVOC
句子的基本構成要素:
- 主詞 S
- 動詞 V
- 受詞 O
- 補語 C
修飾語:
- 介係詞片語
- 形容詞片語、形容詞子句
- 副詞片語、副詞子句
noun
詞類問題攻略:
- 看到 冠詞(a/an/the) + ___ + 介係詞 的形式時,選擇名詞
- 在及物動詞後面,選擇名詞
- 熟悉 名詞+名詞 的模式,第一個名詞當作adj,修飾第二個名詞
- 選項中剩兩個名詞時,選擇 語意較通順 的
adjective
詞類問題攻略:
- 看到 冠詞(a/an/the) + ___ + 名詞 的形式時,填入形容詞的可能性很高
- 看到 be動詞+___ 的形式時,填入形容詞的可能性很高
- 熟悉 動名詞+名詞 的名詞詞組模式
- 在 介係詞to的後面 ,選擇動名詞
句子:a / an + adj + n
形容詞與副詞都是修飾語,形容詞是用來修飾「名詞」或「代名詞」;而副詞則是用來修飾「動詞」、「形容詞」或其他「副詞」。 這些修飾語可有可無, 拿掉修飾語並不影響句子結構的正確性;然而少了修飾語,卻會削弱語文表達的能力。
adverb
詞類問題攻略:
- 句型的構成要素具備時,選擇副詞
- 在助動詞和動詞之間,選擇副詞
- 在be動詞和過去分詞之間,選擇副詞
- 在修飾形容詞的位置,選擇副詞
形容詞與副詞都是修飾語,形容詞是用來修飾「名詞」或「代名詞」;而副詞則是用來修飾「動詞」、「形容詞」或其他「副詞」。 這些修飾語可有可無, 拿掉修飾語並不影響句子結構的正確性;然而少了修飾語,卻會削弱語文表達的能力。
verb
tense 時態
時態
以動詞 take 為例,下表列出 take 與助動詞 (Be, have, shall / will) 形成各種時態:
簡單 | 進行 | 完成 | 完成進行 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
現在 | take, takes | am, are, is + taking | have, has + taken | have, has + been taking |
過去 | took | was, were + taking | had + taken | had been taking |
未來 | shall, will + take | shall, will + be taking | shall, will + have taken | shall, will + have been taking |
auxiliary verb 助動詞
- 助動詞本身並沒有詞義,它是用來幫助主要動詞(main verb)形成各種時態、語氣、語態、疑問句、或否定句。
- 一個句子只能有一個主要動詞,但助動詞卻可以有一個、兩個或最多三個。請參考動詞片語。
- 若是被動語態,則動詞片語的助動詞還可以多大四個。
助動詞 | 功能 | 例句 | |
---|---|---|---|
be |
is, am, are was, were be, being, been |
進行式 | He is watching TV. |
被動語態 | His car was stolen. | ||
have | have, has, had | 完成式 | I have finished my homework. |
do | do, does, did | 疑問句 | Does it cost a lot? |
否定句 | I don't like apple. | ||
加強語氣 | I do want you to be successful. | ||
代替前面的主要動詞 | He speaks faster than she does. | ||
情態助動詞 |
will, would shall, should can, could may, might must, ought to |
放在主要動詞前,改變主要動詞的意義 | I will go on vacation next month. |
Ref: 實用基礎文法 - 助動詞
participle 分詞
【動名詞】:v-ing
- 用法:動狀詞、名詞
- 例句:
- 作為主詞:Smoking damages your lungs.
- 作為受詞:You should quit smoking.
- 作為補語:His favorite hobby is smoking.
- 作為同位語:His only bad habit, smoking, annoyed me.
- 扮演名詞組合成動名詞片語:Cleaning the house is really a chore.
【現在分詞】:主動、正在
- 用法1:形容詞
- 例句:
- 修飾名詞:The barking dog next door almost drove us crazy last week.
- 作為主詞補語:This book is interesting.
- 作為受詞補語:She kept her boyfriend waiting for over an hour.
- 現在分詞片語當形容詞使用:Hearing the noise, the girl woke up.
- 用法2:助動詞 + 現在分詞 -> 進行式
- 例句:
- 現在進行式:I am writing a book。
- 過去進行式:She was reading a book when her father called.
- 未來進行式:I will be working late at the office tonight.
- 現在完成進行式:I have been dating my boyfriend for more than a year.
- 過去完成進行式:Alice had been singing for an hour before the rain began falling.
- 未來完成進行式:She will have been waiting for over two hours when the train finally comes.
【過去分詞】:被動、完成
- 用法1:形容詞
- 例句:
- 修飾名詞:The burned toast tasted awful.
- 作為主詞補語:Her mother felt worried.
- 作為受詞補語:She had her photo taken.
- 過去分詞片語當形容詞使用:Frightened by the thunder, the cat hid under the couch.
- 用法2:助動詞 + 過去分詞 -> 完成式時態
- 例句:
- 現在完成式:Have you done your homework yet?
- 過去完成式:The plane had already taken off when I arrived at the airport.
- 未來完成式:I will have lived here for five years by end of next month.
- 用法3:助動詞 + 過去分詞 -> 被動語態
- 例句:
- 被動語氣:Since Nicole was sick, she was allowed to leave early.
- 被動語氣:This story was written by Helen Keller.
Ref:
singular & plural 單複數
動詞必須在「身」(人稱)與「數」(單、複數)方面與主詞一致。單數主詞需要單數動詞;複數主詞需要複數動詞。
Ref: 實用基礎文法 - 單數動詞與複數動詞
Ref: file5940_14.pdf
preposition 介詞
用法:放在名詞(詞組)前面
Ref: Prepositions - Grammar - Academic Guides at Walden University
preposition list
- in / on / at
- of
- in spite of
- because of
- regardless of
- to(也有可能是不定词)
- due to
- according to
- in addition to
- for
- except for
- place, time and range:
- above
- along
- around
- behind
- below
- beneath
- beside
- besides
- between
- inside
- into
- near
- onto
- outside
- under
- up
- upon
- via
- with
- within
- without
- others:
- during
- despite
- from
- by
Ref: Preposition List | Grammar | EnglishClub
in, on, at
-> 自己的理解筆記:
- 地點:
- in:山城車內
- on:街區樓車
- at:精確地址
- 時間:
- in:除上述外
- on:精確到這週(on weekend)、這星期(on Friday)、有指定日期(Apr 4th)
- at:精確到小時、時間
Ref: Everyday Grammar: In, On, and At
to + verb-ing
- look forward to
- when it comes to
- object to
- resort to
- be/get used to
- be/get accustomed to
- be/get committed to
to + verb-root
- regret to do
- want to do
- aim to do
- offer to do
- manage to do
- intend to do
- plan to do
verb + person + to + verb-root:
- want 人 to do
- allow 人 to do
- ask 人 to do
- encourage 人 to do
- expect 人 to do
- require 人 to do
conjunction 連接詞
用法:放在句子和句子之間的位置
常考的連接詞:
- although
- though
- even though
- because
- when
- as soon as
- once
- if
- while
- whereas
其他科同時作為連接詞與介係詞的單字:
- before
- after
- since
- until
- than
- as
這些連接詞可能引導一個分詞構句:
- when
- while
- though
- unless
- as
- if
pronoun
【格】的意思:這個代名詞在句中所扮演的角色
所有格原因:英國很注重所有權的原則
Ref: